Passage 1
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
British colonial policy . . . went through two policy phases, or at least there were two strategies between which its policies actually oscillated, sometimes to its great advantage. At first, the new colonial apparatus exercised caution, and occupied India by a mix of military power and subtle diplomacy, the high ground in the middle of the circle of circles. This, however, pushed them into contradictions. For, whatever their sense of the strangeness of the country and the thinness of colonial presence, the British colonial state represented the great conquering discourse of Enlightenment rationalism, entering India precisely at the moment of its greatest unchecked arrogance. As inheritors and representatives of this discourse, which carried everything before it, this colonial state could hardly adopt for long such a self-denying attitude. It had restructured everything in Europe—the productive system, the political regimes, the moral and cognitive orders—and would do the same in India, particularly as some empirically inclined theorists of that generation considered the colonies a massive laboratory of utilitarian or other theoretical experiments. Consequently, the colonial state could not settle simply for eminence at the cost of its marginality; it began to take initiatives to introduce the logic of modernity into Indian society. But this modernity did not enter a passive society. Sometimes, its initiatives were resisted by pre-existing structural forms. At times, there was a more direct form of collective resistance. Therefore the map of continuity and discontinuity that this state left behind at the time of independence was rather complex and has to be traced with care.
Most significantly, of course, initiatives for . . . modernity came to assume an external character. The acceptance of modernity came to be connected, ineradicably, with subjection. This again points to two different problems, one theoretical, the other political. Theoretically, because modernity was externally introduced, it is explanatorily unhelpful to apply the logical format of the ‘transition process’ to this pattern of change. Such a logical format would be wrong on two counts. First, however subtly, it would imply that what was proposed to be built was something like European capitalism. (And, in any case, historians have forcefully argued that what it was to replace was not like feudalism, with or without modificatory adjectives.) But, more fundamentally, the logical structure of endogenous change does not apply here.
Here transformation agendas attack as an external force. This externality is not something that can be casually mentioned and forgotten. It is inscribed on every move, every object, every proposal, every legislative act, each line of causality. It comes to be marked on the epoch itself. This repetitive emphasis on externality should not be seen as a nationalist initiative that is so well rehearsed in Indian social science. . . .
Quite apart from the externality of the entire historical proposal of modernity, some of its contents were remarkable. . . . Economic reforms, or rather alterations did not foreshadow the construction of a classical capitalist economy, with its necessary emphasis on extractive and transport sectors. What happened was the creation of a degenerate version of capitalism —what early dependency theorists called the ‘development of underdevelopment’.
1. All of the following statements about British colonialism can be inferred from the first paragraph, EXCEPT that it:
- Was at least partly an outcome of Enlightenment rationalism
- Was at last partly shaped by the project of European modernity
- Faced resistance from existing structural forms of Indian modernity
- Allowed the treatment of colonies as experimental sites
option 1 can be inferred from lines " For, whatever their sense of the strangeness of the country and the thinness of colonial presence, the British colonial state represented the great conquering discourse of Enlightenment rationalism, entering India precisely at the moment of its greatest unchecked arrogance. As inheritors and representatives of this discourse, which carried everything before it, this colonial state could hardly adopt for long such a self-denying attitude" option 2 and 4 can be inferred from "It had restructured everything in Europe—the productive system, the political regimes, the moral and cognitive orders—and would do the same in India, particularly as some empirically inclined theorists of that generation considered the colonies a massive laboratory of utilitarian or other theoretical experiments." option 3 is true for British Modernity while the question is about British colonialism. Hence option 3 is the correct answer here to the 'except' ques
2. Consequently, the colonial state could not settle simply for eminence at the cost of its marginality; it began to take initiatives to introduce the logic of modernity into Indian society.” Which of the following best captures the sense of this statement?
- The colonial enterprise was a costly one; so to justify the cost it began to take initiatives to introduce the logic of modernity into Indian society.
- The cost of the colonial state’s eminence was not settled; therefore, it took the initiative of introducing modernity into Indian society.
- The colonial state’s eminence was unsettled by its marginal position; therefore, it developed Indian society by modernising it.
- The colonial state felt marginalised from Indian society because of its own modernity; therefore, it sought to address that marginalisation by bringing its modernity to change Indian society.
The colonial enterprise was a costly one is incorrect The cost of colonial state’s eminence was not settled or colonial state was 'unsettled/in doubt' are also not implied The statement talks about the colonial state could not settle simply for eminence at the cost of its marginality. option 4 captures the essence of the statement
3. Which one of the following 5-word sequences best captures the flow of the arguments in the passage?
- Colonial policy—Enlightenment—external modernity—subjection— underdevelopment
- Military power—colonialism—restructuring—feudalism—capitalism
- Military power—arrogance—laboratory—modernity—capitalism
- Colonial policy—arrogant rationality—resistance—independence—development
The passage start with policy refer lines "British colonial policy . . . went through two policy phases, or at least there were two strategies between which its policies actually oscillated, sometimes to its great advantage" and is followed by enlightenment refer lines " For, whatever their sense of the strangeness of the country and the thinness of colonial presence, the British colonial state represented the great conquering discourse of Enlightenment rationalism, entering India precisely at the moment of its greatest unchecked arrogance." Option 3 is incorrect because of multiple phrases most clear of which is 'arrogance' Enlightenment would have been better Option 4 is clearly incorrect because of use of word 'arrogant rationality'. The rationality wasn't arrogant rather ".... Enlightenment rationalism, entering India precisely at the moment of its greatest unchecked arrogance"
4. Which of the following observations is a valid conclusion to draw from the author’s statement that “the logical structure of endogenous change does not apply here. Here transformation agendas attack as an external force”?
- The transformation of Indian society did not happen organically, but was forced by colonial agendas.
- The endogenous logic of colonialism can only bring change if it attacks and transforms external forces.
- Colonised societies cannot be changed through logic; they need to be transformed with external force.
- Indian society is not endogamous; it is more accurately characterised as aggressively exogamous.
refer to lines "Here transformation agendas attack as an external force. This externality is not something that can be casually mentioned and forgotten. It is inscribed on every move, every object, every proposal, every legislative act, each line of causality" and "Theoretically, because modernity was externally introduced, it is explanatorily unhelpful to apply the logical format of the ‘transition process’ to this pattern of change" Option 4 is completely incorrect as endogenous and endogamous are 2 very different things
5. All of the following statements, if true, could be seen as supporting the arguments in the passage, EXCEPT:
- The introduction of capitalism in India was not through the transformation of feudalism, as happened in Europe
- Modernity was imposed upon India by the British and, therefore, led to underdevelopment
- Throughout the history of colonial conquest, natives have often been experimented on by the colonisers
- The change in British colonial policy was induced by resistance to modernity in Indian society
the change in British colonial policy was induced by resistance to modernity in Indian society goes against the passage Refer following lines which talk about why modernity was introduced in India "Consequently, the colonial state could not settle simply for eminence at the cost of its marginality; it began to take initiatives to introduce the logic of modernity into Indian society." There was resistance to modernity undoubtedly but that resistance induced change in british colonial policy is incorrect. Option 1 is in consonance with following lines from para2 "historians have forcefully argued that what it was to replace was not like feudalism" Option 2 is in consonance with last line of passage "What happened was the creation of a degenerate version of capitalism —what early dependency theorists called the ‘development of underdevelopment’." Option 3 can be inferred from following lines of para 1 "considered the colonies a massive laboratory of utilitarian or other theoretical experiments."
Passage 2
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
For two years, I tracked down dozens of . . . Chinese in Upper Egypt [who were] selling lingerie. In a deeply conservative region, where Egyptian families rarely allow women to work or own businesses, the Chinese flourished because of their status as outsiders. They didn’t gossip, and they kept their opinions to themselves. In a New Yorker article entitled “Learning to Speak Lingerie,” I described the Chinese use of Arabic as another non-threatening characteristic. I wrote, “Unlike Mandarin, Arabic is inflected for gender, and Chinese dealers, who learn the language strictly by ear, often pick up speech patterns from female customers. I’ve come to think of it as the lingerie dialect, and there’s something disarming about these Chinese men speaking in the feminine voice.” . . .
When I wrote about the Chinese in the New Yorker, most readers seemed to appreciate the unusual perspective. But as I often find with topics that involve the Middle East, some people had trouble getting past the black-and-white quality of a byline. “This piece is so orientalist I don’t know what to do,” Aisha Gani, a reporter who worked at The Guardian, tweeted. Another colleague at the British paper, ImanAmrani, agreed: “I wouldn’t have minded an article on the subject written by an Egyptian woman—probably would have had better insight.” . . .
As an MOL (man of language), I also take issue with this kind of essentialism. Empathy and understanding are not inherited traits, and they are not strictly tied to gender and race. An individual who wrestles with a difficult language can learn to be more sympathetic to outsiders and open to different experiences of the world. This learning process—the embarrassments, the frustrations, the gradual sense of understanding and connection—is invariably transformative. In Upper Egypt, the Chinese experience of struggling to learn Arabic and local culture had made them much more thoughtful. In the same way, I was interested in their lives not because of some kind of voyeurism, but because I had also experienced Egypt and Arabic as an outsider. And both the Chinese and the Egyptians welcomed me because I spoke their languages. My identity as a white male was far less important than my ability to communicate.
And that easily lobbed word—“Orientalist”—hardly captures the complexity of our interactions. What exactly is the dynamic when a man from Missouri observes a Zhejiang native selling lingerie to an Upper Egyptian woman? . . . If all of us now stand beside the same river, speaking in ways we all understand, who’s looking east and who’s looking west? Which way is Oriental?
For all of our current interest in identity politics, there’s no corresponding sense of identity linguistics. You are what you speak—the words that run throughout your mind are at least as fundamental to your selfhood as is your ethnicity or your gender. And sometimes it’s healthy to consider human characteristics that are not inborn, rigid, and outwardly defined. After all, you can always learn another language and change who you are.
6. The author’s critics would argue that:
- Language is insufficient to bridge cultural barriers
- Linguistic politics can be erased
- Empathy can overcome identity politics
- Orientalism cannot be practiced by Egyptians
The main idea that the author expressed over here is that Language is sufficient to bridge cultural barriers. Hence option A is the correct option which states a conflicting point with the main point as discussed by author in the passage. Or we can say this would be the major point by the author's crtitics. Nothing has been mentioned about linguistic politics so option B is out of the context. Option C can be inferred from the passage and hence is in consonance with the main idea of the author. Refer to the line" An individual who wrestles with a difficult language can learn to be more ...." Option D is also irrelevant as author wasn't an Egyptian, so critics gain nothing from this specific point. Refer lines "I had also experienced Egypt and Arabic as an outsider." "What exactly is the dynamic when a man from Missouri ....?"
7. French ethnographer decides to study the culture of a Nigerian tribe. Which of the following is most likely to be the view of the author of the passage?
- The author would encourage the ethnographer and recommend him/her to hire a good translator for the purpose of holding interviews.
- The author would discourage the ethnographer from conducting the study as Nigerian ethnographers can better understand the tribe.
- The author would encourage the ethnographer, but ask him/her to be mindful of his/her racial and gender identity in the process.
- The author would encourage the ethnographer, but ask him/her to first learn the language of the Nigerian tribe s/he wishes to study.
Option A is incorrect as nothing has been mentioned thrroughout the passage about hiring translator rather it is going against the viewpoint of the author. Refer lines "An individual who wrestles with a difficult language can learn to be more sympathetic to outsiders and open to different experiences of the world. This learning process—the embarrassments, the frustrations, the gradual sense of understanding and connection—is invariably transformative." option B and C are incorrect. Refering to the 3rd para in para 4 "If all of us now stand beside the same river, speaking in ways we all understand, who’s looking east and who’s looking west? " in para 3 " And both the Chinese and the Egyptians welcomed me because I spoke their languages. My identity as a white male was far less important than my ability to communicate." Option D is the correct option .Refer to the points he mentioned about the chinese dealers as well as his own real experiences with the chinese and Egyptian people. Refer lines in para 4 "If all of us now stand beside the same river, speaking in ways we all understand, who’s looking east and who’s looking west? " in para 3 " And both the Chinese and the Egyptians welcomed me because I spoke their languages. My identity as a white male was far less important than my ability to communicate." "An individual who wrestles with a difficult language can learn to be more sympathetic to outsiders and open to different experiences of the world. This learning process—the embarrassments, the frustrations, the gradual sense of understanding and connection—is invariably transformative."
8. According to the passage, which of the following is not responsible for language’s ability to change us?
- Language’s ability to mediate the impact of identity markers one is born with.
- Language’s intrinsic connection to our notions of self and identity.
- The twists and turns in the evolution of language over time.
- The ups and downs involved in the course of learning a language.
Option C talks only about language and unlike other options, doesn't talk about people or impact of language on people. hence the correct option here Option A can be inferred from the line"after all you can always learn....".so this option is incorrect. Option B can be inferred from the line "you are what you speak....your gender". So this option is incorrect. Option D can be inferred from the line" This learning process—the embarrassments, the frustrations, the gradual sense of understanding and connection—is invariably transformative." Only option C cannot be inferred from the given passage as author has not mentioned anything about the inherent ability of language to evolve over time to change a person hence,this is the right answer.
9. Which of the following can be inferred from the author’s claim, “Which way is Oriental?”
- Goodwill alone mitigates cultural hierarchies and barriers.
- Orientalism is a discourse of the past, from colonial times, rarely visible today.
- has mitigated cultural hierarchies and barriers.
- Learning another language can mitigate cultural hierarchies and barriers.
Referring to the last and penultimate paragraph it is clear that the author is of the opinion that learning new languages actually bridges the gap between different cultures. Refer lines "". in para 4 "If all of us now stand beside the same river, speaking in ways we all understand, who’s looking east and who’s looking west? " in para 3 " And both the Chinese and the Egyptians welcomed me because I spoke their languages. My identity as a white male was far less important than my ability to communicate." So,option D is the right option. Moreover, nothing has been mentioned about goodwill or Orientalism has disappeared Option 3 is incorrect by virtue of being too generic. Author talks mainly from POV of language.
Passage 3
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
War, natural disasters and climate change are destroying some of the world’s most precious cultural sites. Google is trying to help preserve these archaeological wonders by allowing users access to 3D images of these treasures through its site.
But the project is raising questions about Google’s motivations and about who should own the digital copyrights. Some critics call it a form of “digital colonialism.”
When it comes to archaeological treasures, the losses have been mounting. ISIS blew up parts of the ancient city of Palmyra in Syria and an earthquake hit Bagan, an ancient city in Myanmar, damaging dozens of temples, in 2016. In the past, all archaeologists and historians had for restoration and research were photos, drawings, remnants and intuition.
But that’s changing. Before the earthquake at Bagan, many of the temples on the site were scanned. . . . [These] scans . . . are on Google’s Arts & Culture site. The digital renditions allow viewers to virtually wander the halls of the temple, look up-close at paintings and turn the building over, to look up at its chambers. [Google Arts & Culture] works with museums and other nonprofits to put high-quality images online. The images of the temples in Bagan are part of a collaboration with CyArk, a nonprofit that creates the 3D scanning of historic sites. . . . Google says [it] doesn’t make money off this website, but it fits in with Google’s mission to make the world’s information available and useful.
Critics say the collaboration could be an attempt by a large corporation to wrap itself in the sheen of culture. Ethan Watrall, an archaeologist, professor at Michigan State University and a member of the Society for American Archaeology, says he’s not comfortable with the arrangement between CyArk and Google. Watrall says this project is just a way for Google to promote Google. “They want to make this material accessible so people will browse it and be filled with wonder by it,” he says. “But at its core, it’s all about advertisements and driving traffic.” Watrall says these images belong on the site of a museum or educational institution, where there is serious scholarship and a very different mission. . . .
[There’s] another issue for some archaeologists and art historians. CyArk owns the copyrights of the scans — not the countries where these sites are located. That means the countries need CyArk’s permission to use these images for commercial purposes.
Erin Thompson, a professor of art crime at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City, says it’s the latest example of a Western nation appropriating a foreign culture, a centuries-long battle.CyArk says it copyrights the scans so no one can use them in an inappropriate way. The company says it works closely with authorities during the process, even training local people to help. But critics like Thompson are not persuaded….She would prefer the scans to be owned by the countries and people where these sites are located.
10. Of the following arguments, which one is LEAST likely to be used by the companies that digitally scan cultural sites?
- It provides images free of cost to all users
- It enables people who cannot physically visit these sites to experience them
- It allows a large corporation to project itself as a protector of culture
- It helps preserve precious images in case the sites are damaged or destroyed
All the given options are valid arguments to be used by companies that digitally scan cultural sites except 'It allows a large corporation to project itself as a protector of culture'. This option shows arrogant and supercilious behavior of the corporation claiming to be protector of culture. One can only be the promoter of culture. So it is the least likely argument to be used by corporations involved in the digital scanning of cultural sites.
11. By “digital colonialism”, critics of the CyArk–Google project are referring to the fact that:
- CyArk and Google have not shared the details of digitisation with the host countries.
- The scanning process can damage delicate frescos and statues at the sites.
- Countries where the scanned sites are located do not own the scan copyrights.
- CyArk and Google have been scanning images without copyright permission from host countries.
The term 'digital colonialism' finds mention in the opening lines of the passage and how critics of the CyArk–Google project describe it is given in the line,'There's another issue for some archaeologists and art historians. CyArk owns the copyrights of the scans — not the countries where these sites are located. That means the countries need CyArk's permission to use these images for commercial purposes'. It clearly means that countries where the scanned sites are located do not own the scan copyrights. Options 2 and 4 do not find mention in the passage hence eliminated. Option 1 is ambiguous wrt which details aren't shared. Undoubtedly, countries don't own copyrights but wrt details refer following lines of last para and para 4 respectively "The company says it works closely with authorities during the process, even training local people to help. " "[These] scans . . . are on Google's Arts & Culture site. The digital renditions allow viewers to virtually wander the halls of the temple, look up-close at paintings and turn the building over, to look up at its chambers. [Google Arts & Culture] works with museums and other nonprofits to put high-quality images online."
12. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly invalidate Dr. Watrall’s objections?
- CyArk does not own the copyright on scanned images of archaeological sites.
- CyArk uploads its scanned images of archaeological sites onto museum websites
- Google takes down advertisements on its website hosting CyArk’s scanned images
- There is a ban on CyArk scanning archeological sites located in other countries
Refer to the lines,'Watrall says this project is just a way for Google to promote Google. "They want to make this material accessible so people will browse it and be filled with wonder by it," he says. "But at its core, it's all about advertisements and driving traffic." Watrall says these images belong on the site of a museum or educational institution, where there is serious scholarship and a very different mission. . . .' This gives us an idea that Watrall doesn't has any objection if the digitally scanned pictures belong on the site of a museum or educational institution and his opinion gets invalidated if the option CyArk uploads its scanned images of archaeological sites onto museum websites stands true. Just taking down advertisements by Google to promote itself would not invalidate Watrall's claim. Any ban on CyArk scanning archeological sites located in other countries would certainly not prevent promotion by Google. CyArk does not own the copyright on scanned images of archaeological sites would not prevent using it for commercial purposes.
13. In Dr. Thompson’s view, CyArk owning the copyright of its digital scans of archaeological sites is akin to:
- The seizing of ancient Egyptian artefacts by a Western museum.
- The illegal downloading of content from the internet.
- Digital platforms capturing users’ data for market research
- Tourists uploading photos of monuments onto social media.
:- Refer line in the last paragraph,'it's the latest example of a Western nation appropriating a foreign culture, a centuries-long battle'. This line clearly helps us to understand that Erin Thompson blames CyArk of misappropriating foreign culture. Seizing means to snatch or to have or to receive possession of something So Dr. Thompson's view of CyArk owning the copyright of its digital scans of archaeological sites is akin to only one option i.e. the seizing of ancient Egyptian artefacts by a Western museum. Illegal downloading of content from the internet does not make one the owner of it. Digital platforms capturing users’ data for market research is not bringing the relationship asked. Tourists uploading photos of monuments onto social media is not same as being the owner of it.
14. Based on his views mentioned in the passage, one could best characterise Dr. Watrall as being:
- uneasy about the marketing of archaeological images for commercial use by firms such as Google and CyArk.
- dismissive of laypeople’s access to specialist images of archaeological and cultural sites.
- opposed to the use of digital technology in archaeological and cultural sites in developing countries.
- critical about the links between a non-profit and a commercial tech platform for distributing archaeological images
By reading views of Ethan Watrall in the passage "Ethan Watrall, an archaeologist, professor at Michigan State University and a member of the Society for American Archaeology, says he's not comfortable with the arrangement between CyArk and Google. Watrall says this project is just a way for Google to promote Google. "They want to make this material accessible so people will browse it and be filled with wonder by it," he says. "But at its core, it's all about advertisements and driving traffic." Watrall says these images belong on the site of a museum or educational institution, where there is serious scholarship and a very different mission. . . ." Option 4 Critical about the links between a non-profit (alluding to CyArk) and a commercial tech platform(alluding to Google) for distributing archaeological images properly characterise the views of Watrall mentioned in the passage. Option 1 Though Google's traffic would increase as a result of this project but it is nowhere mentioned that both Google and CyArk are using the images as a marketing tool hence rejected. option 2 Dismissive of laypeople’s access to specialist images of archaeological and cultural sites is not mentioned. Option 3 Watrall is against the intention and not technology itself, so opposed to the use of digital technology in archaeological and cultural sites in developing countries is eliminated.
Passage 4
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
The magic of squatter cities is that they are improved steadily and gradually by their residents. To a planner’s eye, these cities look chaotic. I trained as a biologist and to my eye, they look organic. Squatter cities are also unexpectedly green. They have maximum density—1 million people per square mile in some areas of Mumbai—and have minimum energy and material use. People get around by foot, bicycle, rickshaw, or the universal shared taxi.
Not everything is efficient in the slums, though. In the Brazilian favelas where electricity is stolen and therefore free, people leave their lights on all day. But in most slums recycling is literally a way of life. The Dharavi slum in Mumbai has 400 recycling units and 30,000 ragpickers. Six thousand tons of rubbish are sorted every day. In 2007, the Economist reported that in Vietnam and Mozambique, “Waves of gleaners sift the sweepings of Hanoi’s streets, just as Mozambiquan children pick over the rubbish of Maputo’s main tip. Every city in Asia and Latin America has an industry based on gathering up old cardboard boxes.” . . .
In his 1985 article, Calthorpe made a statement that still jars with most people: “The city is the most environmentally benign form of human settlement. Each city dweller consumes less land, less energy, less water, and produces less pollution than his counterpart in settlements of lower densities.” “Green Manhattan” was the inflammatory title of a 2004 New Yorker article by David Owen. “By the most significant measures,” he wrote, “New York is the greenest community in the United States, and one of the greenest cities in the world . . . The key to New York’s relative environmental benignity is its extreme compactness. Placing one and a half million people on a twenty-three-square-mile island sharply reduces their opportunities to be wasteful.” He went on to note that this very compactness forces people to live in the world’s most energy-efficient apartment buildings. . . .
Urban density allows half of humanity to live on 2.8 per cent of the land. Consider just the infrastructure efficiencies. According to a 2004 UN report: “The concentration of population and enterprises in urban areas greatly reduces the unit cost of piped water, sewers, drains, roads, electricity, garbage collection, transport, health care, and schools.” . . .
[T]he nationally subsidised city of Manaus in northern Brazil “answers the question” of how to stop deforestation: give people decent jobs. Then they can afford houses, and gain security. One hundred thousand people who would otherwise be deforesting the jungle around Manaus are now prospering in town making such things as mobile phones and televisions. . . .
Of course, fast-growing cities are far from an unmitigated good. They concentrate crime, pollution, disease and injustice as much as business, innovation, education and entertainment. But if they are overall a net good for those who move there, it is because cities offer more than just jobs. They are transformative: in the slums, as well as the office towers and leafy suburbs, the progress is from hick to metropolitan to cosmopolitan . . .
15. We can infer that Calthorpe’s statement “still jars” with most people because most people:
- Do not consider cities to be eco-friendly places
- Do not regard cities as good places to live in
- Regard cities as places of disease and crime
- Consider cities to be very crowded and polluted
Refer the lines in 2nd paragraph, In his 1985 article, Calthorpe made a statement that still jars with most people: “The city is the most environmentally benign form of human settlement. Each city dweller consumes less land, less energy, less water, and produces less pollution than his counterpart in settlements of lower densities.” The term"still jars" means something that is against or what disturbs most of the people. So the answer option should be one which is opposite to the views of Calthorpe because views of people and Calthorpe do not match and the option is people do not consider cities to be eco-friendly places. Options 2 and 3 don't talk about environment so rejected. Another option, option4, which is close is people consider cities to be very crowded and polluted which is half true i.e. only about pollution (nothing about crowded cities) is mentioned, so eliminated.
16. From the passage it can be inferred that cities are good places to live in for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they:
- Offer employment opportunities
- Have suburban areas as well as office areas
- Help prevent destruction of the environment
- Contribute to the cultural transformation of residents
In this question we have to find the odd one i.e. the option which cannot be considered as reason to cities are good places to live in for all . Offer employment opportunities is mentioned in the 2nd paragraph, so it can be inferred from the passage and hence rejected. Help prevent destruction of the environment can be inferred from second last paragraph ([T]he nationally subsidised city of Manaus in northern Brazil “answers the question” of how to stop deforestation) and therefore eliminated. Contribute to the cultural transformation of residents can be properly inferred from last paragraph and hence eliminated. It seems that the option have suburban areas as well as office areas can also be inferred from last portion of the passage but it is not the reason author mentions to consider cities as good places to live. So it is the right answer.
17. In the context of the passage, the author refers to Manaus in order to:
- Explain where cities source their labour for factories
- Describe the infrastructure efficiencies of living in a city
- Explain how urban areas help the environment
- Promote cities as employment hubs for people
Refer to the second last paragraph of the passage where the term Manaus has been mentioned . From the paragraph lines we understand that Manaus were the community of people involved in deforestation have changed (by stopping deforestation) and prospered by making mobile phones and televisions. Hence the reason for giving example of Manaus was to explain how urban areas help the environment To explain where cities source their labour for factories is not mentioned in the passage. To describe the infrastructure efficiencies of living in a city is the positive aspect of being in a city and not the reason for citing example of Manaus To promote cities as employment hubs for people is another positive aspect of being in a city and not the reason for citing example of Manaus
18. According to the passage, squatter cities are environment-friendly for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
- They sort out garbage
- They recycle material
- Their streets are kept clean
- Their transportation is energy efficient
In this question we have to select the option which will not fit as an adequate reason for squatter cities being environment friendly. All the mentioned options would help keep the squatter cities environment friendly(i.e. sorting out garbage, recycling the material and energy efficient transportation) except keeping the streets clean which is least related to environment. Also because this would possible mean that somewhere the waste has to be dumped which means a negative impact on the surrounding environment.
19. Which one of the following statements would undermine the author’s stand regarding the greenness of cities?
- Sorting through rubbish contributes to the rapid spread of diseases in the slums
- The high density of cities leads to an increase in carbon dioxide and global warming
- The compactness of big cities in the West increases the incidence of violent crime
- Over the last decade the cost of utilities has been increasing for city dwellers
It is a critical reasoning based question wherein we have to weaken the author's argument regarding the greenness of the cities. The options concerning the increase in the incidence of crime and increase in the cost of utilities would be easily eliminated because the context of argument is greenness and not crime or cost of utilities. Similarly rapid spread of diseases in slum areas is also eliminated on the ground that the diseases would impact the population i.e. persons residing in those slums; it is nowhere connected to the greenness of the city. We are left with only one option and it is a valid point that weakens the author's argument regarding the greenness of city because increase in the level of carbon-di-oxide and global warming would definitely impact the verdancy in a negative manner.
Passage 5
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
Around the world, capital cities are disgorging bureaucrats. In the post-colonial fervour of the 20th century, coastal capitals picked by trade-focused empires were spurned for “regionally neutral” new ones …. But decamping wholesale is costly and unpopular; governments these days prefer piecemeal dispersal. The trend reflects how the world has changed. In past eras, when information travelled at a snail’s pace, civil servants had to cluster together. But now desk-workers can ping emails and video-chat around the world. Travel for face-to-face meetings may be unavoidable, but transport links, too, have improved. . . .
Proponents of moving civil servants around promise countless benefits. It disperses the risk that a terrorist attack or natural disaster will cripple an entire government. Wonks in the sticks will be inspired by new ideas that walled-off capitals cannot conjure up. Autonomous regulators perform best far from the pressure and lobbying of the big city. Some even hail a cure for ascendant cynicism and populism. The unloved bureaucrats of faraway capitals will become as popular as firefighters once they mix with regular folk.
Beyond these sunny visions, dispersing central-government functions usually has three specific aims: to improve the lives of both civil servants and those living in clogged capitals; to save money; and to redress regional imbalances. The trouble is that these goals are not always realised.
The first aim—improving living conditions—has a long pedigree. After the second world war Britain moved thousands of civil servants to “agreeable English country towns” as London was rebuilt. But swapping the capital for somewhere smaller is not always agreeable. Attrition rates can exceed 80%. The second reason to pack bureaucrats off is to save money. Office space costs far more in capitals. Agencies that are moved elsewhere can often recruit better workers on lower salaries than in capitals, where well-paying multinationals mop up talent.
The third reason to shift Is to rebalance regional inequality ….Norway treats federal jobs as a resource every region deserves to enjoy, like profits from oil. Where government jobs go, private ones follow Sometimes the aim is to fulfil the potential of a country’s second-tier cities. Unlike poor, remote places, bigger cities can make the most of relocated government agencies, linking them to local universities and businesses and supplying a better-educated workforce. The decision in 1946 to set up America’s Centres for Disease Control in Atlanta rather than Washington, D.C., has transformed the city into a hub for health-sector research and business.
The dilemma Is obvious. Pick small, poor towns, and areas of high unemployment get new jobs, but it is hard to attract the most qualified workers; opt for larger cities with infrastructure and better-qualified residents, and the country’s most deprived areas see little benefit. . . .
Others contend that decentralisation begets corruption by making government agencies less accountable. A study in America found that state-government corruption is worse when the state capital is isolated—journalists, who tend to live in the bigger cities, become less watchful of those in power.
20. The “long pedigree” of the aim to shift civil servants to improve their living standards implies that this move:
- Takes a long time to achieve its intended outcomes
- Has become common practice in several countries worldwide
- Is supported by politicians and the ruling elites
- Is not a new idea and has been tried in the past
The first line of the fourth paragraph mentions "long pedigree". The following line talks of how it has already been tried in the past in Britain. So, "is not a new idea and has been tried in the past" is the answer.
21. According to the author, relocating government agencies has not always been a success for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
- rise in pollution levels and congestion in the new locations
- High staff losses, as people may not be prepared to move to smaller towns
- The difficulty of attracting talented, well-skilled people in more remote areas
- Increased avenues of corruption away from the capital city
The option "high staff losses, as people may not be prepared to move to smaller towns" is referred to as a reason for why relocating government agencies has not always been a success in the last line of the fourth paragraph. Similarly, the option "the difficulty of attracting talented, well-skilled people in more remote areas" is referred to as a reason in the penultimate paragraph in the lines " Pick small, poor towns, and areas of high unemployment get new jobs, but it is hard to attract the most qualified workers". And the option " increased avenues of corruption away from the capital city" is referred to as a reason in the last paragraph. The option " a rise in pollution levels and congestion in the new locations" is not mentioned anywhere and hence is the answer
22. The “dilemma” mentioned in the passage refers to:
- Relocating government agencies to boost growth in remote areas with poor amenities or to relatively larger cities with good amenities.
- Concentrating on decongesting large cities or focusing on boosting employment in relatively larger cities.
- Encouraging private enterprises to relocate to smaller towns or not incentivising them in order to keep government costs in those towns low.
- Keeping government agencies in the largest city with good infrastructure or moving them to a remote area with few amenities.
The penultimate paragraph "The dilemma is obvious. Pick small, poor towns, and areas of high unemployment get new jobs, but it is hard to attract the most qualified workers; opt for larger cities with infrastructure and better-qualified residents, and the country’s most deprived areas see little benefit. . . ." helps us identify " relocating government agencies to boost growth in remote areas with poor amenities or to relatively larger cities with good amenities." as the answer. Option 4 "keeping government agencies in the largest city with good infrastructure or moving them to a remote area with few amenities." is incorrect as penultimate para talks about which ones to relocate to. Keeping govt agencies in largest city isn't one of the 2 options discussed in the para
23. People who support decentralising central government functions are LEAST likely to
- Policy makers may benefit from fresh thinking in a new environment
- It reduces expenses as infrastructure costs and salaries are lower in smaller cities
- More independence could be enjoyed by regulatory bodies located away from political centres.
- It could weaken the nexus between bureaucrats and media in the capital
Refer to the second paragraph of the passage. The lines " Wonks in the sticks will be inspired by new ideas that walled-off capitals cannot conjure up." imply that the people who support decentralising central government functions are likely to agree with the option " Policy makers may benefit from fresh thinking in a new environment". Similarly, the lines "Autonomous regulators perform best far from the pressure and lobbying of the big city." imply the agreement with the option " More independence could be enjoyed by regulatory bodies located away from political centres". For the agreement with the option " It reduces expenses as infrastructure costs and salaries are lower in smaller cities", refer to the second half of the fourth paragraph. The option " It could weaken the nexus between bureaucrats and media in the capital" is not mentioned and hence should be the most appropriate answer.
24. According to the passage, colonial powers located their capitals:
- Based on political expediency.
- To promote their trading interests.
- To showcase their power and prestige.
- Where they had the densest populations.
The second line of the passage determines " to promote their trading interests" as the answer.
Question 25:
DIRECTIONS for the question: The four sentences (labelled 1,2,3 and 4) given in this question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper order for the sentence and key in this sequence of four numbers as your answer.
- Conceptualisations of ‘women’s time’ as contrary to clock-time and clock-time as synonymous with economic rationalism are two of the deleterious results of this representation.
- While dichotomies of ‘men’s time’, ‘women’s time’, clock-time, and caring time can be analytically useful, this article argues that everyday caring practices incorporate a multiplicity of times; and both men and women can engage in these multiple-times
- When the everyday practices of working sole fathers and working sole mothers are carefully examined to explore conceptualisations of gendered time, it is found that caring time is often more focused on the clock than generally theorised.
- Clock-time has been consistently represented in feminist literature as a masculine artefact representative of a ‘time is money’ perspective
The opener in this case will be 4 as it introduces the idea of representation of 'clock - time ' with respect to 'time is money' perspective'.After this 1 as there is clear link 'this representation'. 3 is explaining that actually caring time is often more focussed on clock though clock time has been seen as a masculine artefact. Hence 3 questions stts concept of clock time as masculine artefact. 2 concludes and answers the question being raised in 3
Question 26:
DIRECTIONS for the question: The four sentences (labelled 1,2,3 and 4) given in this question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper order for the sentence and key in this sequence of four numbers as your answer.
- Such a belief in the harmony of nature requires a purpose presumably imposed by the goodness and wisdom of a deity.
- These parts, all fit together into an integrated, well-ordered system that was created by design.
- Historically, the notion of a balance of nature is part observational, part metaphysical, and not scientific in any way.
- It is an example of an ancient belief system called teleology, the notion that what we call nature has a predetermined destiny associated with its component parts.
The opening sentence is 3 as it introduces the topic of the discussion i.e.' balance of nature' and its perception as per the author.After this 4 will come as it defines this 'balance of nature as 'telelogy'. After this 2 will come as 'parts' in 4 can be linked clearly with 'parts' in 2. 1 will conclude the sequence.
Question 27:
DIRECTIONS for the question: The four sentences (labelled 1,2,3 and 4) given in this question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper order for the sentence and key in this sequence of four numbers as your answer.
- To the uninitiated listener, atonal music can sound like chaotic, random noise.
- Atonality is a condition of music in which the constructs of the music do not ‘live’ within the confines of a particular key signature, scale, or mode.
- After you realize the amount of knowledge, skill, and technical expertise required to compose or perform it, your tune may change, so to speak.
- However, atonality is one of the most important movements in 20th century music.
Sentence 2 is an opener as it clearly defines and introduces 'atonality'. 1 & 4 form a mandatory pair as 4 is in contrast with 1. 'your tune may change' in 3 implies that your opinion may change. so the opinion i.e stt 1 has to come before 3 though not necessarily immediately precede it. hence 143 The sequence is concluded by 3.
Question 28:
DIRECTIONS for the question: Identify the most appropriate summary for the paragraph.
Language is an autapomorphy found only in our lineage, and not shared with other branches of our group such as primates. We also have no definitive evidence that any species other than Homo sapiens ever had language. However, it must be noted straightaway that ‘language’ is not a monolithic entity, but rather a complex bundle of traits that must have evolved over a significant time frame…. Moreover, language crucially draws on aspects of cognition that are long established in the primate lineage, such as memory: the language faculty as a whole comprises more than just the uniquely linguistic features.
- Language is not a single, uniform entity but the end result of a long and complex process of linguistic evolution.
- Language, a derived trait found only in humans, has evolved over time and involves memory.
- Language is a distinctively human feature as there is no evidence of the existence of language in any other species.
- Language evolved with linguistic features building on features of cognition such as memory.
The passage says that the language evolved over a period of time , and it is a complex process based on features of cognition suc as memory. This has been best captured by option 4. Option 1 misses the cognition and role of the memory. Option 2 is partial in terms of summarizing the passage. Option 3 touches that this feature is seen only in humans and not in other species.
Question 29:
DIRECTIONS for the question: Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify the odd one out. Choose its number as your answer and key it in.
- Socrates told us that ‘the unexamined life is not worth living’ and that to ‘know thyself’ is the path to true wisdom
- It suggests that you should adopt an ancient rhetorical method favored by the likes of Julius Caesar and known as ‘illeism’ – or speaking about yourself in the third person.
- Research has shown that people who are prone to rumination also often suffer from impaired decision making under pressure and are at a substantially increased risk of depression.
- Simple rumination – the process of churning your concerns around in your head – is not the way to achieve self-realization.
- The idea is that this small change in perspective can clear your emotional fog, allowing you to see past your biases.
After reading all the sentences , a clear pair that emerges is 2-5 2-5 'speaking about yourself in the third person' is the change being talked about in 5 'this small change' 'It' in 2 refers to 'research' in 3 Hence 3-2-5 3 talks about rumination which is introduced in 4 Hence 4325 we find that context is about ways of self realization' and it says that ' Simple rumination' is not the way to achieve it. Then 3 describes the drawback of this process. 'It' in 2 refers to 'research' in 3 Hence 3-2 After this 5 highlights the benefit of 'ancient method i.e. '‘illeism’ . The sequence of these four sentences is 4325. 1 is odd one out.
Question 30:
DIRECTIONS for the question: Identify the most appropriate summary for the paragraph.
Social movement organizations often struggle to mobilize supporters from allied movements in their efforts to achieve critical mass. Organizations with hybrid identities—those whose organizational identities span the boundaries of two or more social movements, issues, or identities—are vital to mobilizing these constituencies. Studies of the post-9/11 U.S. antiwar movement show that individuals with past involvement in non-anti-war movements are more likely to join hybrid organizations than are individuals without involvement in non-anti-war movements. In addition, they show that organizations with hybrid identities occupy relatively more central positions in inter-organizational contact networks within the antiwar movement and thus recruit significantly more participants in demonstrations than do nonhybrid organizations.
- Movements that work towards social change often find it difficult to mobilize a critical mass of supporters.
- Hybrid organizations attract individuals that are deeply involved in anti-war movements.
- Organizations with hybrid identities are able to mobilize individuals with different points of view.
- Post 9/11 studies show that people who are involved in non anti-war movements are likely to join hybrid organizations.
The passage mentions that social movement organizations struggle to achieve critical mass. Also, that the organizations with hybrid identities are able are able to mobilize individuals with different points of view. To state this point, the author gives example of individuals with past involvement in non-anti-war movements and those related to the antiwar movement are likely to join hybrid organizations. Hence, "Organizations with hybrid identities are able to mobilize individuals with different points of view" captures the essence of the passage the best out of the given options and should be the answer. The other three options talk only of a part of the passage and hence cannot be a better summary.
Question 31:
DIRECTIONS for the question: Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify the odd one out. Choose its number as your answer and key it in.
- A particularly interesting example of inference occurs in many single panel comics.
- It’s the creator’s participation and imagination that makes the single-panel comic so engaging and so rewarding.
- Often, the humor requires you to imagine what happened in the instant immediately before or immediately after the panel you’re being shown.
- To get the joke, you actually have to figure out what some of these missing panels must be.
- It is as though the cartoonist devised a series of panels to tell the story and has chosen to show you only one – and typically not even the funniest.
After reading all the sentences , it is seen that context is about 'inference occurs in many single panel comics.' So the opening sentence of the discussion is 1. 'inferences' in 1 can be linked with ' requires you to imagine'. 5 further tells 'how it goes'. stts 3 and 5 both talk about the panel being shown. As funniest not has been shown so to get the joke 'you actually have to figure out' something regarding the missing panel(s). The plural panels being talked about in 4 'These" are introduced in their plural form in 5 "a series of panels" The sequence becomes '1354' and sentence 2 is misfit here as it doesn't fit in the para
Question 32:
DIRECTIONS for the question: The four sentences (labelled 1,2,3 and 4) given in this question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper order for the sentence and key in this sequence of four numbers as your answer.
- Living things—animals and plants—typically exhibit correlational structure.
- Adaptive behaviour depends on cognitive economy, treating objects as equivalent.
- The information we receive from our senses, from the world, typically has structure and order, and is not arbitrary.
- To categorize an object means to consider it equivalent to other things in that category, and different—along some salient dimension—from things that are not.
After reading all the sentences, we find that topic of the discussion is on 'Adaptive behaviour' and on what factors does it depend'. So sentence 2 has to be the opener. The word 'equivalent' in 2 can be linked with same word in 4. How we cognitively economize(Stt 2) is by categorizing(Stt4) How this 'categorization' is percieved is highlighted by 3. The information is not arbitary(Stt3) because Living things typically exhibit correlational structure(stt1).. Hence the sequence is 2431. In the source article, stt pairs 24 and 31 are from different paras though the paras are in continuity
Question 33:
DIRECTIONS for the question: Identify the most appropriate summary for the paragraph.
Privacy-challenged office workers may find it hard to believe, but open-plan offices and cubicles were invented by architects and designers who thought that to break down the social walls that divide people, you had to break down the real walls, too. Modernist architects saw walls and rooms as downright fascist. The spaciousness and flexibility of an open plan would liberate homeowners and office dwellers from the confines of boxes. But companies took up their idea less out of a democratic ideology than a desire to pack in as many workers as they could. The typical open-plan office of the first half of the 20th century was a white-collar assembly line. Cubicles were interior designers’ attempt to put some soul back in.
- Wall-free office spaces did not quite work out the way their utopian inventors intended, as they became tools for exploitation of labor.
- Wall-free office spaces could have worked out the way their utopian inventors intended had companies cared for workers’ satisfaction.
- Wall-free office spaces did not quite work out as companies don’t believe in democratic ideology.
- Wall-free office spaces did not quite work out as desired and therefore cubicles came into being.
The passage highlights following points: 1. open-plan offices and cubicles were invented by architects and designers who thought that to break down the social walls that divide people, you had to break down the real walls, too. 2. Modernist architects saw walls and rooms as downright fascist. 3. But companies took up their idea less out of a democratic ideology than a desire to pack in as many workers as they could. the essence has been well captured by option 1. Option 2 is incorrect as nowhere does the author opine that Wall-free office spaces could have worked out the way their utopian inventors intended Option 3 is incorrect as it's not stated that companies don't believe in democratic ideology which the designers believed in, rather what mattered more to companies was cost cutting which open-planned offices allowed for. Option 4 is incorrect as cubicles have been talked about in line 1 of para 2, so cubicles weren't a soln which the option represents them as
Question 34:
DIRECTIONS for the question: Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify the odd one out. Choose its number as your answer and key it in.
- Ocean plastic is problematic for a number of reasons, but primarily because marine animals eat it.
- The largest numerical proportion of ocean plastic falls in small size fractions.
- Aside from clogging up the digestive tracts of marine life, plastic also tends to adsorb pollutants from the water column.
- Plastic in the oceans is arguably one of the most important and pervasive environmental problems today.
- Eating plastic has a number of negative consequences such as the retention of plastic particles in the gut for longer periods than normal food particles.
After reading all the sentences , we find that context is about plastic pollution in seas and how it is dangerous for marine creatures. The opening sentence is therefore 4. After this 1 will come as it tells 'why it is problematic'. 5 further explains it and 3 is the extension of 5. The coherent sequence thus become 4153. 2 is odd one out as it tells the 'numerical proportion of ocean plastic falls' , which is not discussed in other sentences.
