Options B, C and D find support in paragraph 4, 3 and 1 respectively. Only option A does not find mention in the passage.
174 incidents of piracy were reported to the International Maritime Bureau last year, with Somali pirates responsible for only three. The rest ranged from the discreet theft of coils of rope in the Yellow Sea to the notoriously ferocious Nigerian gunmen attacking and hijacking oil tankers in the Gulf of Guinea, as well as armed robbery off Singapore and the Venezuelan coast and kidnapping in the Sundarbans in the Bay of Bengal. For [Dr. Peter] Lehr, an expert on modern-day piracy, the phenomenon’s history should be a source of instruction rather than entertainment, piracy past offering lessons for piracy present. . . .
Increased globalisation has done more to encourage piracy than suppress it. European colonialism weakened delicate balances of power, leading to an influx of opportunists on the high seas. A rise in global shipping has meant rich pickings for freebooters. Lehr writes: “It quickly becomes clear that in those parts of the world that have not profited from globalization and modernisation, and where abject poverty and the daily struggle for survival are still a reality, the root causes of piracy are still the same as they were a couple of hundred years ago.” . . .
His advice Isn’t new. Proposals to end illegal fishing are often advanced but they are difficult to enforce. Investment in local welfare put a halt to Malaysian piracy in the 1970s, but was dependent on money somehow filtering through a corrupt bureaucracy to the poor on the periphery. Diplomatic initiatives against piracy are plagued by mutual distrust: the Russians execute pirates, while the EU and US are reluctant to capture them for fear they’ll claim asylum.
Options B, C and D find support in paragraph 4, 3 and 1 respectively. Only option A does not find mention in the passage.
Indignant means showing anger or annoyance Analytical means logical Facetious meaning sarcasm. The author’s views in the given sentence do not support any of the above. Rather he is giving reasons to why the people indulge I piracy, so IRONIC is appropriate.
Option A is rejected because he has just mentioned them as examples and not those who laid foundation of piracy. Option B is rejected as it is opposite to what is mentioned in 2nd paragraph. Option C is eliminated as the paragraph talks about disorganised people and not piracy. Only option D brings in the meaning of the sentence(i.e. acquisition of wealth)
Everything else is rejected by the author (refer penultimate paragraph) and only option C could help to bring piracy under control in the long run
In a low-carbon world, renewable energy technologies are hot business. For investors looking to redirect funds, wind turbines and solar panels, among other technologies, seem a straightforward choice. But renewables need to be further scrutinized before being championed as forging a path toward a low-carbon future. Both the direct and indirect impacts of renewable energy must be examined to ensure that a climate-smart future does not intensify social and environmental harm. As renewable energy production requires land, water, and labor, among other inputs, it imposes costs on people and the environment. Hydropower projects, for instance, have led to community dispossession and exclusion . . .Renewable energy supply chains are also Intertwined with mining, and their technologies contribute to growing levels of electronic waste . . . Furthermore, although renewable energy can be produced and distributed through small-scale, local systems, such an approach might not generate the high returns on investment needed to attract capital.
Although an emerging sector, renewables are enmeshed in long-standing resource extraction through their dependence on minerals and metals . . . Scholars document the negative consequences of mining . . . even for mining operations that commit to socially responsible practices[:] “many of the world’s largest reservoirs of minerals like cobalt, copper, lithium,[and] rare earth minerals”—the ones needed for renewable technologies—“are found in fragile states and under communities of marginalized peoples in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. ”Since the demand for metals and minerals will increase substantially in a renewable-powered future . . . this intensification could exacerbate the existing consequences of extractive activities.
Among the connections between climate change and waste, O’Neill . . . highlights that “devices developed to reduce our carbon footprint, such as lithium batteries for hybrid and electric cars or solar panels[,] become potentially dangerous electronic waste at the end of their productive life.” The disposal of toxic waste has long perpetuated social injustice through the flows of waste to the Global South and to marginalized communities in the Global North . ..
While renewable energy is a more recent addition to financial portfolios, investments in the sector must be considered in light of our understanding of capital accumulation. As agricultural finance reveals, the concentration of control of corporate activity facilitates profit generation. For some climate activists, the promise of renewables rests on their ability not only to reduce emissions but also to provide distributed, democratized access to energy . . .But Burke and Stephens . . . caution that “renewable energy systems offer a possibility but nota certainty for more democratic energy futures.” Small-scale, distributed forms of energy are only highly profitable to institutional investors if control is consolidated somewhere in the financial chain. Renewable energy can be produced at the household or neighborhood level. However, such small-scale, localized production is unlikely to generate high returns for investors. For financial growth to be sustained and expanded by the renewable sector, production and trade in renewable energy technologies will need to be highly concentrated, and large asset management firms will likely drive those developments.’
Refer to the line “for some climate activists------- access to energy”. So option A is correct.
Negative impacts of renewable energy need to be studied to ensure no social or environmental harm. Hence option D is the answer.
The author’s reservation is about different consequences of renewable energy systems on environment, profitability etc. hence option D is the answer.
According to the last paragraph, there are pros as well as con to look after before going ahead with the development of renewable energy, hence option B is correct.
Throughout the passage, the author is majorly concerned about developing renewable systems o energy to reduce carbon footprint and the disposal of toxic waste globally, hence option C is correct.
The claims advanced here may be condensed into two assertions: [first, that visual] culture is what images, acts of seeing, and attendant intellectual, emotional, and perceptual sensibilities do to build, maintain, or transform the worlds in which people live. [And second, that the]study of visual culture is the analysis and interpretation of images and the ways of seeing (orgazes) that configure the agents, practices, conceptualities, and institutions that put images to work. . . .
Second, the study of visual culture must scrutinize visual practice as much as images themselves, asking what images do when they are put to use. If scholars engaged in this enterprise inquire what makes an image beautiful or why this image or that constitutes a masterpiece or a work of genius, they should do so with the purpose of investigating an artist’s or a work’s contribution to the experience of beauty, taste, value, or genius. No amount of social analysis can account fully for the existence of Michelangelo or Leonardo. They were unique creators of images that changed the way their contemporaries thought and felt and have continued to shape the history of art, artists, museums, feeling, and aesthetic value. But study of the critical, artistic, and popular reception of works by such artists as Michelangelo and Leonardo can shed important light on the meaning of these artists and their works form any different people. And the history of meaning-making has a great deal to do with how scholars as well as lay audiences today understand these artists and their achievements.
Third, scholars studying visual culture might properly focus their interpretative work on life worlds by examining images, practices, visual technologies, taste, and artistic style as constitutive of social relations. The task is to understand how artifacts contribute to the construction of a world. . . . Important methodological implications follow: ethnography and reception studies become productive forms of gathering information, since these move beyond the image as a closed and fixed meaning-event. . . .
Fourth, scholars may learn a great deal when they scrutinize the constituents of vision, that is, the structures of perception as a physiological process as well as the epistemological frameworks informing a system of visual representation. Vision is a socially and a biologically constructed operation, depending on the design of the human body and how it engages the interpretive devices developed by a culture in order to see intelligibly. . . . Seeing . . . operates on the foundation of covenants with images that establish the conditions for meaningful visual experience.
Options A, B and D are illogical, only C can be interpreted.
Options A, B and C find support in paragraph 1, 4 and last respectively. Only option D cannot be inferred because not only institutional structure, but a number of other factors need to be considered that help to study visual culture.
Only option B conveys the correct interpretation of the given sentence. The idea is sight or vision becomes the meaningful visual experience. Rest of the options distort the main idea by putting focus on images , meaningful convenants or images of convenants being the base of visual experience which is wrong.
If we scan the passage from paragraph, 2 till the end, we can find the proper order of the words. First is IMAGERY, second is VISUAL PRACTICES, third is LIFEWORLDS, fourth is STRUCTURES OF PERCEPTION. Hence option A.
EPIPHENOMENA means a secondary effect or by-product of some event or condition, so option D is bringing the correct meaning.
Aggression is any behavior that is directed toward injuring, harming, or inflicting pain on another living being or group of beings. Generally, the victim(s) of aggression must wish to avoid such behavior in order for it to be considered true aggression. Aggression is also categorized according to its ultimate intent. Hostile aggression is an aggressive act that results from anger, and is intended to inflict pain or injury because of that anger. Instrumental aggression is an aggressive act that is regarded as a means to an end other than pain or injury. For example, an enemy combatant may be subjected to torture in order to extract useful intelligence, though those inflicting the torture may have no real feelings of anger or animosity toward their subject. The concept of aggression is very broad, and includes many categories of behavior (e.g., verbal aggression, street crime, child abuse, spouse abuse, group conflict, war, etc.). A number of theories and models of aggression have arisen to explain these diverse forms of behavior, and these theories/models tend to be categorized according to their specific focus. The most common system of categorization groups the various approaches to aggression into three separate areas, based upon the three key variables that are present whenever any aggressive act or set of acts is committed. The first variable is the aggressor him/herself. The second is the social situation or circumstance in which the aggressive act(s) occur. The third variable is the target or victim of aggression.
Regarding theories and research on the aggressor, the fundamental focus is on the factors that lead an individual (or group) to commit aggressive acts. At the most basic level, some argue that aggressive urges and actions are the result of inborn, biological factors. Sigmund Freud (1930) proposed that all individuals are born with a death instinct that predisposes us toa variety of aggressive behaviors, including suicide (self-directed aggression) and mental illness (possibly due to an unhealthy or unnatural suppression of aggressive urges). Other influential perspectives supporting a biological basis for aggression conclude that humans evolved with an abnormally low neural inhibition of aggressive impulses (in comparison toother species), and that humans possess a powerful instinct for property accumulation and territorialism. It is proposed that this instinct accounts for hostile behaviors ranging from minor street crime to world wars. Hormonal factors also appear to play a significant role in fostering aggressive tendencies. For example, the hormone testosterone has been shown to increase aggressive behaviors when injected into animals. Men and women convicted of violent crimes also possess significantly higher levels of testosterone than men and women convicted of nonviolent crimes. Numerous studies comparing different age groups, racial/ethnic groups, and cultures also indicate that men, overall, are more likely to engage in a variety of aggressive behaviors (e.g., sexual assault, aggravated assault, etc.) than women. One explanation for higher levels of aggression in men is based on the assumption that, on average, men have higher levels of testosterone than women.
2nd line of para 1 supports option A 6th line of para 2 supports option B 5th line of para 2 supports option C Whatever is mentioned as option D is opposite to the contents of the passage, hence the answer.
The answer is clearly mentioned in the last lines of 1st para. Hence option D.
Options A, B and C find mention in 2nd paragraph. But option D states opposite to the 4th line of 2nd para, hence the answer.
The example is used by the author to explain a different type of aggression and not the type of torture inflicted on the enemy with the motive to extract any information as depicted in options B, C and D. The best explanation is given in option A.
DIRECTIONS for the question: The four sentences (labelled 1,2,3 and 4) given in this question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper order for the sentence and key in this sequence of four numbers as your answer.
Sentence 2 opens the paragraph as it introduces the topic. Sentence 4 gives further explanation to 2 and its contrast is given in 1. The paragraph concludes with 3. So the sequence is 2413
DIRECTIONS for question The question consists of different statements one of which does not fit into the paragraph. Identify that sentence which is a misfit and choose that option as your answer.
The sentences 5231 seem to form a sequence. The 'questions' that arose in 4 seem to be from the same article but a link is missing to put 4 in the above sequence because we can’t identify how the ‘charitable questions’ came up. Hence sentence 4 is the misfit
DIRECTIONS for the question: Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.
Sentence 2 introduces the topic VLT. The pronoun ‘it’ in 1 pairs with 2 (noun-pronoun pair) 4 describes further the functioning of VLT (key word ‘these’) Finally 3 closes the paragraph. So the sequence is 2143
DIRECTIONS for the question: Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.
Sentence 1opens the paragraph by introducing the topic (your brain is aware of all changes going around) Sentence 3 comes next in sequence (keyword “it” referring to brain) Sentence 4 further explains 3 Sentence 2concludes the paragraph. The final sequence is 1342
All humans make decisions based on one or a combination of two factors. This is either intuition or information. Decisions made through intuition are usually fast, people don’t even think about the problem. It is quite philosophical, meaning that someone who made a decision based on intuition will have difficulty explaining the reasoning behind it. The decision-maker would often utilize her senses in drawing conclusions, which again is based on some experience in the field of study. On the other side of the spectrum, we have decisions made based on information. These decisions are rational — it is based on facts and figures, which unfortunately also means that it can be quite slow. The decision-maker would frequently use reports, analyses, and indicators to form her conclusion. This methodology results in accurate, quantifiable decisions, meaning that a person can clearly explain the rationale behind it.
We can conveniently eliminate options A and B as they focus on single aspect of the paragraph. Option D, though specifies both aspects , is eliminated because it is not the matter of time that is considered to differentiate between both types of decision- making. Only option C accurately captures the essence of the paragraph.
With the Treaty of Westphalia, the papacy had been confined to ecclesiastical functions, and the doctrine of sovereign equality reigned. What political theory could then explain the origin and justify the functions of secular political order? In his Leviathan, published in 1651, three years after the Peace of Westphalia, Thomas Hobbes provided such a theory. He imagined a “state of nature” in the past when the absence of authority produced a “war of all against all.” To escape such intolerable insecurity, he theorized, people delivered their rights to a sovereign power in return for the sovereign’s provision of security for all within the state’s border. The sovereign state’s monopoly on power was established as the only way to overcome the perpetual fear of violent death and war.
Options A and C are rejected because of the usage of ‘voluntary desires’ or ‘voluntary surrender of rights’ of people, rather it was a transactional relationship between people and sovereign state an the same is aptly presented in option D. Option B is opposite to the contents of the paragraph, hence eliminated.
DIRECTIONS for the question : The question consists of different statements one of which does not fit into the paragraph. Identify that sentence which is a misfit and choose that option as your answer.
The correct sequence is 3154 Whereas in 2, altogether a different aspect(merchant capitalism) is taken which finds reference in none of the other sentences. Although the other sentence talk about the beginning of the end of capitalism and also discuss new ways of working and sharing economy, but merchant capitalism is misfit here. Hence sentence 2 is the misfit.
DIRECTIONS for the question: Identify the most appropriate summary for the paragraph.
The rural-urban continuum and the heterogeneity of urban settings pose an obvious challenge to identifying urban areas and measuring urbanization rates in a consistent way within and across countries. An objective methodology for distinguishing between urban and rural areas that is based on one or two metrics with fixed thresholds may not adequately capture the wide diversity of places. A richer combination of criteria would better describe the multifaceted nature of a city’s function and its environment, but the joint interpretation of these criteria may require an element of human judgment.
Option C is eliminated because the paragraph does not mention that current methodologies are irrelevant. Option D is rejected as combination of criteria is also important for interpretation of city’s functions. Option A seems close but missed the aspect of human judgement, hence rejected. Option B captures the summarized essence of the paragraph
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