The answer can be drawn from lines "these similarities allowed for more rapid..............African American and most foreign immigrants." which clearly contrasts the idea taken from the passage. Therefore option 4 is right answer.
Sociologists working in the Chicago School tradition have focused on how rapid or dramatic social change causes increases in crime. Just as Durkheim, Marx, Toennies, and other European sociologists thought that the rapid changes produced by industrialization and urbanization produced crime and disorder, so too did the Chicago School theorists. The location of the University of Chicago provided an excellent opportunity for Park, Burgess, and McKenzie to study the social ecology of the city. Shaw and McKay found . . . that areas of the city characterized by high levels of social disorganization had higher rates of crime and delinquency.
In the 1920s and 1930s Chicago, like many American cities, experienced considerable immigration. Rapid population growth is a disorganizing influence, but growth resulting from in-migration of very different people is particularly disruptive. Chicago’s in-migrants were both native-born whites and blacks from rural areas and small towns, and foreign immigrants. The heavy industry of cities like Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh drew those seeking opportunities and new lives. Farmers and villagers from America’s hinterland, like their European cousins of whom Durkheim wrote, moved in large numbers into cities. At the start of the twentieth century, Americans were predominately a rural population, but by the century’s mid-point most lived in urban areas. The social lives of these migrants, as well as those already living in the cities they moved to, were disrupted by the differences between urban and rural life.
According to social disorganization theory, until the social ecology of the ‘‘new place’’ can adapt, this rapid change is a criminogenic influence. But most rural migrants, and even many of the foreign immigrants to the city, looked like and eventually spoke the same language as the natives of the cities into which they moved. These similarities allowed for more rapid social integration for these migrants than was the case for African Americans and most foreign immigrants.
These migrants, unlike their white counterparts, were not integrated into the cities they now called home. In fact, most American cities at the end of the twentieth century were characterized by high levels of racial residential segregation… Failure to integrate these migrants, coupled with other forces of social disorganization such as crowding, poverty, and illness, caused crime rates to climb in the cities, particularly in the segregated wards and neighborhoods where the migrants were forced to live.
Foreign immigrants during this period did not look as dramatically different from the rest of the population as blacks did, but the migrants from eastern and southern Europe who came to American cities did not speak English, and were frequently Catholic, while the native born were mostly Protestant. The combination of rapid population growth with the diversity of those moving into the cities created what the Chicago School sociologists called social disorganization.
The answer can be drawn from lines "these similarities allowed for more rapid..............African American and most foreign immigrants." which clearly contrasts the idea taken from the passage. Therefore option 4 is right answer.
option 4 is correct as it has all the important words/phrases. option 1 misses Social Organisation option 2 misses Chicago School option 3 misses Migration
According to the question we need to select an option which supports the authors note i.e. out - migration from rural to urban therefore : option 1 is correct Rest of the options support the idea that there were more population in rural than in urban which contradicts the out -migration.
According to the passage 'social disorganisation' is the key term predominantly present in all the pragraphs hence must be the part of fundamental conclusion by the author therefore: option 4 is the correct option
As software improves, the people using it become less likely to sharpen their own know-how. Applications that offer lots of prompts and tips are often to blame; simpler, less solicitous programs push people harder to think, act and learn.
Ten years ago, information scientists at Utrecht University in the Netherlands had a group of people carry out complicated analytical and planning tasks using either rudimentary software that provided no assistance or sophisticated software that offered a great deal of aid. The researchers found that the people using the simple software developed better strategies, made fewer mistakes and developed a deeper aptitude for the work. The people using the more advanced software, meanwhile, would often “aimlessly click around” when confronted with a tricky problem. The supposedly helpful software actually short-circuited their thinking and learning.
According to philosopher Hubert Dreyfus, our skills get sharper only through practice, when we use them regularly to overcome different sorts of difficult challenges. The goal of modern software, by contrast, is to ease our way through such challenges. Arduous, painstaking work is exactly what programmers are most eager to automate after all, that is where the immediate efficiency gains tend to lie. In other words, a fundamental tension ripples between the interests of the people doing the automation and the interests of the people doing the work.
Nevertheless, automation’s scope continues to widen. With the rise of electronic health records, physicians increasingly rely on software templates to guide them through patient exams. The programs incorporate valuable checklists and alerts, but they also make medicine more routinized and formulaic—and distance doctors from their patients. Harvard Medical School professor Beth Lown; in a 2012 journal article warned that when doctors become “screen-driven,” following a computer’s prompts rather than “the patient’s narrative thread,” their thinking can become constricted. In the worst cases, they may miss important diagnostic signals.
In a recent paper published in the journal Diagnosis, three medical researchers examined the misdiagnosis of Thomas Eric Duncan, the first person to die of Ebola in the U.S., at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas. They argue that the digital templates used by the hospital’s clinicians to record patient information probably helped to induce a kind of tunnel vision. “These highly constrained tools,” the researchers write, “are optimized for data capture but at the expense of sacrificing their utility for appropriate triage and diagnosis, leading users to miss the forest for the trees.” Medical software, they write, is no “replacement for basic history-taking, examination skills, and critical thinking.”
There is an alternative. In “human-centered automation,” the talents of people take precedence. In this model, software plays an essential but secondary role. It takes over routine functions that a human operator has already mastered, issues alerts when unexpected situations arise, provides fresh information that expands the operator’s perspective and counters the biases that often distort human thinking. The technology becomes the expert’s partner, not the expert’s replacement.
option 1 is the most appropriately inferred from the passage. option 2 is an extreme option because of '.......forced them.......' therefore cannot be an answer. option 3 is taken from the passage's paragraph 5 hence can not be an inference. option 4 there is no information shared related to 'type of digital template' in the passage therefore cannot be an inference.
The inference can be drawn from the 2nd paragraph which highlights that the people using simple software developed better strategies and made fewer mistakes whereas people having access to the advanced software short-circuited their thinking and learning. Therefore option C is appropriate. Here 'aimlessly click around' means looking for solutions of tricky situation unsuccessfully.
We can infer all the given options except D, as the author nowhere in the passage supports the view that computers or technology can be an appropriate replacement for humans. The passage is argumentative writing that is biased toward human skills. Options A, B, and C can be inferred easily.
Option B is correct answer because in this option, the automation is helping a software hence being a machine-centric. Option A,C and D are examples of human-centric because the automation involved helps the human directly.
Nature has all along yielded her flesh to humans. First, we took nature’s materials as food, fibers, and shelter. Then we learned to extract raw materials from her biosphere to create our own new synthetic materials. Now Bios is yielding us her mind—we are taking her logic.
Clockwork logic—the logic of the machines—will only build simple contraptions. Truly complex systems such as a cell, a meadow, an economy, or a brain (natural or artificial) require a rigorous nontechnological logic. We now see that no logic except bio-logic can assemble a thinking device, or even a workable system of any magnitude.
It is an astounding discovery that one can extract the logic of Bios out of biology and have something useful. Although many philosophers in the past have suspected one could abstract the laws of life and apply them elsewhere, it wasn’t until the complexity of computers and human-made systems became as complicated as living things, that it was possible to prove this. It’s eerie how much of life can be transferred. So far, some of the traits of the living that have successfully been transported to mechanical systems are: self-replication, self- governance, limited self-repair, mild evolution, and partial learning.
We have reason to believe yet more can be synthesized and made into something new. Yet at the same time that the logic of Bios is being imported into machines, the logic of Technos is being imported into life. The root of bioengineering is the desire to control the organic long enough to improve it. Domesticated plants and animals are examples of technos-logic applied to life. The wild aromatic root of the Queen Anne’s lace weed has been fine-tuned over generations by selective herb gatherers until it has evolved into a sweet carrot of the garden; the udders of wild bovines have been selectively enlarged in a “unnatural” way to satisfy humans rather than calves. Milk cows and carrots, therefore, are human inventions as much as steam engines and gunpowder are. But milk cows and carrots are more indicative of the kind of inventions humans will make in the future: products that are grown rather than manufactured.
Genetic engineering is precisely what cattle breeders do when they select better strains of Holsteins, only bioengineers employ more precise and powerful control. While carrot and milk cow breeders had to rely on diffuse organic evolution, modern genetic engineers can use directed artificial evolution—purposeful design—which greatly accelerates improvements.
The overlap of the mechanical and the lifelike increases year by year. Part of this bionic convergence is a matter of words. The meanings of “mechanical” and “life” are both stretching until all complicated things can be perceived as machines, and all self-sustaining machines can be perceived as alive. Yet beyond semantics, two concrete trends are happening: (1) Human-made things are behaving more lifelike, and (2) Life is becoming more engineered. The apparent veil between the organic and the manufactured has crumpled to reveal that the two really are, and have always been, of one being.
Refer to the second line of last paragraph- 'The meanings of the "mechanical" ............ percieved as alive.' Author here most likely suggests that meanings of "mechanical" and "life" have stretched to such extent that any difference between the two is blurred now. Living things have been endowed with technological advancements. Similarly there has been a constant effort to sensitivize the machines to make it look more natural. Rest all other options are wrong or ambiguous interpretations of the given statement.
Throughout the passage the author tried to imply that there is almost negligible difference between genetic engineers and bioengineers; earlier ones have been trying to alter with genetic makeup for its advancement and the later ones have been trying to sensitivize machines with human qualities. So the answer that should follow is option 2. Rest of the options can't be deduced from the passage.
In the beginning of the passage (second paragraph), author suggests how complex the nature around us is (a cell, a meadow, an economy or human brain). Then he moves on to propound that we borrowed a lot from nature, including her logic too. It is followed by explanation of bio-engineering and technological advancement and how they are converging into being one and the same. So the right answer is option 3. No other options include all of these aspects.
In the last paragraph, author concludes that the machines and the humans have more or less become the same. Not just have the scientists endowed the humans with technology, but they have tried to make the machines more realistic like humans. So the right option is 1. Rest all other options are strayed from the correct interpretation of the given statement.
Interpretations of the Indian past . . . were inevitably influenced by colonial concerns and interests, and also by prevalent European ideas about history, civilization and the Orient. Orientalist scholars studied the languages and the texts with selected Indian scholars, but made little attempt to understand the world-view of those who were teaching them. The readings therefore are something of a disjuncture from the traditional ways of looking at the Indian past. . . .
Orientalism [which we can understand broadly as Western perceptions of the Orient] fuelled the fantasy and the freedom sought by European Romanticism, particularly in its opposition to the more disciplined Neo-Classicism. The cultures of Asia were seen as bringing a new Romantic paradigm. Another Renaissance was anticipated through an acquaintance with the Orient, and this, it was thought, would be different from the earlier Greek Renaissance. It was believed that this Oriental Renaissance would liberate European thought and literature from the increasing focus on discipline and rationality that had followed from the earlier Enlightenment…….. The Romantic English poets, [Wordsworth and Coleridge,] were apprehensive of the changes introduced by industrialization and turned to nature and to fantasies of the Orient.
However, this enthusiasm gradually changed, to conform with the emphasis later in the nineteenth century on the innate superiority of European civilization. Oriental civilizations were now seen as having once been great but currently in decline. The various phases of Orientalism tended to mould European understanding of the Indian past into a particular pattern…… There was an attempt to formulate Indian culture as uniform, such formulations being derived from texts that were given priority. The so-called ‘discovery’ of India was largely through selected literature in Sanskrit. This interpretation tended to emphasize non-historical aspects of Indian culture, for example the idea of an unchanging continuity of society and religion over 3,000 years; and it was believed that the Indian pattern of life was so concerned with metaphysics and the subtleties of religious belief that little attention was given to the more tangible aspects.
German Romanticism endorsed this image of India, and it became the mystic land for many Europeans, where even the most ordinary actions were imbued with a complex symbolism. This was the genesis of the idea of the spiritual east, and also, incidentally, the refuge of European intellectuals seeking to distance themselves from the changing patterns of their own societies. A dichotomy in values was maintained, Indian values being described as ‘spiritual’ and European values as ‘materialistic’, with little attempt to juxtapose these values with the reality of Indian society. This theme has been even more firmly endorsed by a section of Indian opinion during the last hundred years.
It was a consolation to the Indian intelligentsia for its perceived inability to counter the technical superiority of the west, a superiority viewed as having enabled Europe to colonize Asia and other parts of the world. At the height of anti-colonial nationalism it acted as a salve for having been made a colony of Britain.
Option A is correct answer because the author did not talk about European colonisers in particular but British in the last line of the passage. The meaning of 'salve' is to promote healing. Otion B, C and D can be traced in the passage easily.
Option D is correct because throughout the passage the author highlighted that India did not match the technical knowlege of the West. ......"little attention was given to the more tangible aspects." Option A, B, and C goes well with the author's point of view.
Option D is correct beacuse according to the passage, the style of research taken by the Orientalist scholars' involved a very superficial approach and did not bother to read any authentic literature, accounts or study any artifacts which is there in Options A, B, and C therefore making D as the correct option.
Option B is correct because developing an oppositional framework only introduces a segregation and division in the society, it doesn't help in gaining a more accurate view of a nation's history and culture therefore scholars should not follow the same. To attempt this question one must know the meaning of 'oppositional framework' in context of the passage.
The opening sentence is 2 because it introduces the subject of the conversation, i.e. the narrator's mum, the narrator, and her sister. Further, 2-3 is a pair : "Me and my sister" mentioned in 2, are referred to as "us" in 3. Also, 3-1 is a pair as the trees and the streams mentioned in 3, have been referenced further in 1 with the phrase "going outside to "enjoy it while it lasts". The final sentence is 4 because the "threat" being referred to in the given sentence, is mentioned in the previous sentence, "made to feel guilty about not going outside". The right sequence is thus 2314.
To defend the sequence of alphabetisation may seem bizarre, so obvious is its application that it is hard to imagine a reference, catalogue or listing without it. But alphabetical order was not an immediate consequence of the alphabet itself. In the Middle Ages, deference for ecclesiastical tradition left scholars reluctant to categorise things according to the alphabet – to do so would be a rejection of the divine order. The rediscovery of the ancient Greek and Roman classics necessitated more efficient ways of ordering, searching and referencing texts. Government bureaucracy in the 16th and 17th centuries quickened the advance of alphabetical order, bringing with it pigeonholes, notebooks and card indexes.
The paragraph above says claims that alphabetical order was not an immediate consequence of the alphabet itself. The Middle Ages saw the rejection of alphabetical order due to religious beliefs, and it wasn't until the 16th and 17th centuries, when there was a need for more effective methods of organising and referencing texts as well as a need to deal with government bureaucracy, that alphabetical order began to gain popularity. The paragraph is effectively summarised and all the major points are covered in Option A.
“It does seem to me that the job of comedy is to offend, or have the potential to offend, and it cannot be drained of that potential,” Rowan Atkinson said of cancel culture. “Every joke has a victim. That’s the definition of a joke. Someone or something or an idea is made to look ridiculous.” The Netflix star continued, “I think you’ve got to be very, very careful about saying what you’re allowed to make jokes about. You’ve always got to kick up? Really?” He added, “There are lots of extremely smug and self- satisfied people in what would be deemed lower down in society, who also deserve to be pulled up. In a proper free society, you should be allowed to make jokes about absolutely anything.”
In relation to cancel culture, Rowan Atkinson claims that every joke offends someone or something; therefore, jokes about anything should be permitted in a proper free society. Option D effectively sums up the paragraph.
When people socially learn from each other, they often learn without understanding why, what they’re copying—the beliefs and behaviours and technologies and know-how—works.
_____ (1) _______. The dual-inheritance theory says that inheritance is itself an evolutionary system. It has variation. What makes us a new kind of animal, and so different and successful as a species, is we rely heavily on social learning, to the point where socially acquired information is effectively a second line of inheritance, the first being our genes…._____ (2) _______. People tend to home in on who seems to be the smartest or most successful person around, as well as what everybody seems to be doing—the majority of people have something worth learning. _____(3) _______. When you repeat this process over time, you can get, around the world, cultural packages— beliefs or behaviours or technology or other solutions—that are adapted to the local conditions. People have different psychologies, effectively. _____ (4) ______.
As we read the given text, it becomes clear that the missing sentence is neither a strong introduction nor a fitting end. Therefore, we can quickly eliminate choices 1 and 4. In the case of option 3, the thoughts are already flowing easily. Most people may benefit from learning something new from those around them, and by repeatedly engaging in this learning process over time, you can develop cultural packages that are adapted to the needs of the local region. Option 2 appears to fit the given sentence the most effectively. The phrase "socially acquired information" was used in the previous sentence. The above line shows how people in society learn from one another. The next phrase strengthens the notion that we can learn from those around us. Therefore, option 2 is the best one.
This has meant a lot of uncertainty around what a wide-scale return to office might look like in practice.
Bringing workers back to their desks has been a rocky road for employers and employees alike. The evolution of the pandemic has meant that best laid plans have often not materialised._____ (1) _______. The flow of workers back into offices has been more of a trickle than a steady stream. _____ (2) _______. Yet while plenty of companies are still working through their new policies, some employees across the globe are now back at their desks, whether on a full-time or hybrid basis._____ (3) _______. That means we’re beginning to get some clarity on what return-to-office means – what’s working, as well as what has yet to be settled._____ (4) _______.
This question can be solved by eliminating the wrong choices. We can eliminate option 4 since the previous sentence states that clarity is emerging, therefore the omitted sentence—which talks about uncertainty prevailing—will be a misfit. Option 3 can also be disregarded because the preceding line states that some workers are now returning to their desks. Here, the given sentence seems illogical. As "this has meant a lot of uncertainty" can fit in well with the sentence before either the options 1 and 2, so, both appear to be good alternatives. However, option 2 makes more sense given the subsequent line and the way the thoughts flow.
The most apt introductory sentence is 4 as it introduces the subject 'beacons'. 4-3 is a pair: 4 states that beacons send radio frequency signals; 3 further describes that smart phones and other mobile devices capture these signals. 1-2 is also a pair: 1 states that several industrial sectors have started using beacons for tracking and communicating with their customers; 2 further discusses how these beacons are employed to track this information. 4312 is hence the correct order.
The most suitable opening statement would be 3 as it is general and introduces the subject, i.e. Meritocracy. Further, 3-2 is a pair: in 3, it is mentioned that "we are designed to see our achievements as worthy of reward"; 2 discusses about "the raft of recent books" that sheds light on the limitations of this line of thought. Moreover, 2-1 is also a pair as 1 elaborates on the argument stated in 2 about the limits of merit and how realising these limits might make us more tolerant. A more compassionate society will be created as a result, as stated in 4 which comes after 1. The right sequence is 3214.
Tamsin Blanchard, curator of Fashion Open Studio, an initiative by a campaign group showcasing the work of ethical designers says, “We’re all drawn to an exquisite piece of embroidery, a colourful textile or even a style of dressing that might have originated from another heritage. [But] this magpie mentality, where all of culture and history is up for grabs as ‘inspiration’, has accelerated since the proliferation of social media… Where once a fashion student might research the history and traditions of a particular item of clothing with care and respect, we now have a world where images are lifted from image libraries without a care for their cultural significance. It’s easier than ever to steal a motif or a craft technique and transfer it on to a piece of clothing that is either mass produced or appears on a runway without credit or compensation to their original communities.”
The key point made here is that the spread of social media has made it simple to access fashion ideas from different cultures, making it easier than ever to unethically use these concepts or methods without giving credit to or compensation to the original communities. The focus of the paragraph is best expressed in Option A.
We at Quantifiers understand and deliver on the personal attention each of our students requires. Whether it is through our pedagogy that enables non-engineers or non-math background students, our constant effort to proactively provide solutions, or our focus on our student’s goals.
